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iTOKIES OT THT. ST A TKS 



MINNESOTA 






^y Hubert M. Sf^inner 








prni i».iun joisti y n\ 
F. A. OWKN Pr». CO.. Dansvlllc, N. Y. 
HAM. A McCREARY. Chicago. III. 



INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES 

Supplementary Readers and Five-Cent Classics 

A series of little books coiitaiiiiiig material needed for Supplementary 

Reading and Study, Classified and Graded. Large type for lower grades. 

l^ff~ This list is constanilv being added to. If a substantial number of books are to be 

ordered, or if other titles than those shown here are desired, send for latest list. 



FIRST YEAR 

Fables and Myths 

Fairy Stories o f the Moon. — 71/a^Mj>< 
27 ^4isop's Fables— Part 1—Reiter 

2S ^Csop'S Fables— Part ll—Jieiter 

29 Indian Myths — Bush 
140 Nursery Tales — Taylor 
Nature 

1 I.ittle Plant People— Part I— Chase 

2 Little Plant People— Part ll~Chase 

30 Storv of a Sunbeam — Miller 

31 Kitty Mittens and Her Friends — Chase 
History 

32 Patriotic Stories (Story of the Flag, 

Story of Washington, etc.) — Reiter 
Literature 

104 Motlier Goose Reader 
J28 First Term Primer — Maguire 
230 Rhyme and Jingle Reader for Beginners 

SECOND YEAR 
Fables and iVIyths 

33 Stories from Andersen — Taylor 

34 Stories from Grimm — Taylor 

36 I.iltle Red Riding \ioo<\— Reiter 

37 Jack and the lieanstalk — Reiter 

35 Adventures of a Brownie — Reiter 
Nature 

3.1^ittle Workers (Animal Stories) — Chase 
3g Little Wood Friends — Mayne 

40 Wings and Stings — Halifax 

41 Story of Wool — Mayne 

42 Bird Stories from the Poets— follie 
History and Biography 

43 Story of the Mayflower — McCabe 
45 Boyhood of Washington — Reiter 

204 Boyhood of Lincoln — Reiter 
Literature and Art 
72 Bow-Wow and Mew-Mew — Craik 
i;2 Child's Garden of Verses — Stevenson 
206 Picture Study Stories for Little Children 

— Cranston 
210 Story of the Christ Child — Hushower 
290 Fuzz in Japan- A Child-Life Reader — 

Maguire 

THIRD YEAR 
Fables and Myths 

4(1 Puss in Boots and Cinderella — Reiter 

47 Greek Myths — Klingensmith 

48 Nature V\.yVa%— Metcalfe 

50 Reynard the Fox — Best 

102 Tlinmbelina and Dream Stories — Reiter 
146 Sleeping Beautv and Other Stories 

174 Sun "Myt\\s— Reiter 

175 Norse JLegends 1—Reiter 
1T6 Norse Legends, W— Reiter 

177 Legends of the Kh'neXa.wiX—McCabe 

2S2 Siegfried the Lorelei and Other Rhine 

I,egetiils — McCabe 
Ns ture and Industry 

49 Hufls, Stems and Fruits — Mavnr 

51 Sto'v of Flax— .1/<7V"<' 

August. lOld. 



52 Story of Glass — Hanson 

53 Adventures of a Little Walerdrop 

— Mayne 
135 Little People of the Hills (Dry Air and 

Ury Soil Plants)— Ozw.-c 
203 Little Plant People of the Waterways- 

Chase 
133 Aunt Martha's Corner Cupboard — Part 

I. Story of Tea and the leacr.p 

137 Aunt ISIartha's Corner Cnpbcard — Part 

II. Story of Sugar, Coflee and Salt. 

138 Aunt Martha's Corner Cupboard— Part 

III. Story of Rice, Currants and Honey 
History and Biography 

4 Story of Washington — Reiter 
7 Story of Longfellow — McCabe 
21 Story of the Pilgrims— A'arri 
44 Famous Early Americans (Smith, Stan- 
dish, Peuii) — Bush 

54 Story of Columbus — McCabe 

55 Story of Whittier— /i/c''aA« 

57 Story of Louisa M. Alcott— ^«5A 

58 Story of Alice and Phoebe Cary — McFee 

59 Story of the Boston Tea Party -McLabe 

60 C lildreu of the Northland — Bush 

62 Childrenof the South Lauds, I (Florida, 
Cuba, Puerto Rico) — McFee 

63 Children of the South I,auds, II (Africa 
Hawaii, The Philippines)— ii;c/"(V 

64 Child Life in the Colonies- 1 (New 

Amsterdam) — Baker 

65 Child Life in the Colonies — II (Pennsyl- 

vania) -Baker 

66 Child Life in the Colonies— III (Virgin- 

ia) — Baker 

68 Stories of the Revolution— I (Kthan 

Allen and the Gieeu Mountain Boys) 

69 Stories of the Revolution— II (Arouml 

Philadelphia) — McCabe 

70 Stories of the Revolution- III (Marion, 

the Swamp Fox) — McCabe 
132 Storv of Franklin — j'^uj/i 

164 The Little Brown Baby and Other Babies 

165 Gemila, tlie Child o'f the Desert and 

Some of Her Sisters 

166 Louise on the R^iiue and in Her New 

Home. (Nns. 164, 16%, 166 ate "Seven 
Little Sisiejy" by fane Andi eirs) 
i6-j Famous Artists, I — Landseer ami Bon- 

heur. 
Literature 
35 Goody Two-Shoes 

67 Story'of Robinson Crusoe — Bush 

71 Selections from Hiawatha(For 3rd, 4th, 

5th and 6th Grades) 
233 Poems Worth Knowing-Book I-Primary 

FOURTH YEAR 
Nature and Industry 

75 Story of Coal — McKane 

76 Story of Wheat— //a///aj: 

77 Story of Cotton— /?>or/'« 

134 Conquests of Little Plant People- Chase 
Continued on third covei 



I N > r K I (.• 1 • ) R L 1 11. R A 1 I K i: M . R 1 l.S 



The Story of Minnesota 



Bv Hithcrt M. Skinner 




I'tHI.ISHKI) JOINTLY BY 

F. A. OWKX riH. CO., Dansvillk, N. Y. 



HAI.L .^- McCHKARY, CHICAGO, III. 



i. 't^Ytlghl, /jtl. .*v /•. .i. Ou-f» I'MHiiking i'lim/'iit 



r^oc 



Copyright, 1913, by 
F. A, OWEN PUBLISHING CO. 



0)CI,A357874 



The Story of Minnesota 



GeoKraphy and Natural Features 

The State of MmiRi.i)ta is calk-d, uii its shitltl, "The 
Star of the North," though the words, as written, ap- 
pear in French, thus: "L 'Etoilc dii Snrd." Since every 
State is represented by a separate star in our nation's 
flag, it is natural to speak of States, sometimes, as 
"stars;" and of all the States, Minnesota projects farthest 
to the north. In fact, it includes part of a peninsula 
away up in the I^ke of the Woods, which singular fact 
calls for an explanation. 

When our nation made peace with Great Britain at 
the close of the Revolutionary War, it was agreed that 
the Mississippi should be our western boundary all the 
way up to our northern boundary. But it was found, 
later, that the Mississippi did not extend so far north. 
Hence the western boundarv' was pieced out by an 
imaginary line running northwartl from the .source of the 
river into the lake mentioned, cutting off for us an odd 
piece of land which we cannot reach except by boat, un- 
less we pass through .some of the Canadian land. 

It was proper that the motto on Minnesota's shiehl 
.should be written in French, for that was practically the 
only KurojK'an language u.sed in this region in the seven- 
teenth and eighteenth centuries, and the words recall to 
mind the arduous labr)rs and grrat services of brave 
French explorers, niissi«»nari<'s. and tra<l«rs in the days 
of the long ago. 

Minnesota is marvdously favon-d l>y riatun-. and its 



4 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

scenes attracted the painter, the poet, and the scientist 
before they were brought to the attention of the home- 
seeker. The Falls of St. Anthony possessed a wild 
beauty in the days before an artificial slide was made for 
their waters, for power purposes. The cascade near Ft. 
Snelling needed no help of art to render it charming. 
Maiden Rock would be interesting, even if its pathetic 
story were wanting. So numerous are the clear blue 
lakes of Minnesota that a single cluster of them received 
from the early explorers the French name Mille Lacs (a 
thousand lakes). The State has. set off for a state park 
a tract of thirty-five square miles, including Lake Itasca, 
and will doubtless make a similar use of some of the 
remarkably beautiful "Dalles" of the St. Croix, in the 
vicinity of St. Paul. 

The prairie of red pipestone, which supplied the ma- 
terial for the calumets of untold generations of braves, 
is another notable feature of the state. The Inyan 
Bos'ndata, near the town of Castle Rock, has been suf- 
fered to fall in ruin ; for its weird turret dropped to the 
plain, many years ago, through neglect, when it might 
have been preserved. Carver's Cave will never lose its 
interest. The exhilarating ozone breathed in Minnesota, 
the clear skies, the dryness of the atmosphere, and the 
varied scenery presented to the eye are all remembered 
by the visitor from other parts of the country, and are a 
source of pride to the citizens of the commonwealth. 

Some Early Explorers 

The written story of Minnesota begins with the forma- 
tion of a company of Frenchmen to trade in furs in the 
region south and west of Lake Superior. This was in 
^678. The leading spirit in this enterprise was Daniel 
Graysolon Duluth, who for some time resided in a small 
palisade, or fort, of logs on the shore of Chequamegon 



THI-: STORY <'F MINNKSnT \ :; 

Bay. For many years Wwrv liatl been laniest 1-n luli 
missionaries on the Wisconsin sliore of Lake Superior, 
and French explorers and traders had sought to extend 
ever further westward and south wan! the power of New 
France, as Canada was then, called. But the fierce Sioux 
Indians of Minnesota were not kindly disposed either to 
the French or to the native Indians to the eastward. 
One of the missionaries. Father Jacques .Nhuquette, who 
came to the mission at Keweenaw Bay in 1669. was soon 
compelled to retire, with his Indian friends of that 
region, eastward along the Northern Peninsula of Miclii- 
gan, to Mackinac. 

Duluth, however, succeeded where others would have 
failed, and exerted a remarkable influence over the fierce 
and warlike Sioux. There was this bond of sympathy 
between tlu'm. Although a Frenchman, he was no friend 
or champion of the French officers who governed New 
France in the name of the great French king. He had 
no licens(» from those officers to trade with the Indians, 
and trading without license was in violation of law. He 
had no relatives or powerful friends at court. He was 
liable to arrest and imprisomnent at the hands of the 
French officers on the St. Lawrence. 

Perhaps he argued to himself that he was beyond 
their lawful jurisdiction, for he had passed beyond the 
regions that had been officially explored by the agents 
of the king. He belonged to a class of men widely 
known at the time as forest rangers (coureurs dn hois), 
who, outlaws as they were, occasionally rendered great 
service to their countr>'men and to their sovereign, much 
as Robin Ho(k1, in the stories told, came to the relief of 
his king. Duluth had for able attendants other forest 
rangers — forceful men like him.self ; and they .seem to 
have recognized his leadership and to have worked with 
him without any friction. 



6 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

In 1679 Duluth held a council with the Sioux. Prob- 
ably he was the only white man that many of them had 
ever seen, and the first that ever came to Minnesota. 
His council was held at a point near the site of the city 
which now bears his name. The talk of a straight- 
forward, bold man who trusted his life to the most war- 
like of savages, and bore no menace from king or gover- 
nor, had much effect. The peace pipes from the Pipe- 
stone Quarry were smoked around the council fire. In 
the words of a quaint poem, — 

They wer Synes of Peace, 
And alle Stryffe wolde cease. 

And the Redde Menne's Herts, unyted. 
Fond voice in Songe 
That was loud and longe 

Whan ye Sachemes Pypes wer lyted. 

In the fall and winter of the year he made a circuit of 
the lake region of Minnesota, and passed down the 
course of Pigeon River, which now forms the northern 
boundary of the State and Nation. 

At this time there was a very general and wide-spread 
desire to find the source of the great river which De 
Soto had discovered and crossed, away back in 1541. 
DeSoto had not followed the river either up or down. It 
was easy to guess that it discharged into the Gulf of 
Mexico. It was equally easy to guess that it took its rise 
in one of the Great Lakes with which the French were 
acquainted in the time of Duluth. But neither the origin 
nor the mouth of the Mississippi was yet known, although 
a hundred and thirty-eight years had passed since the 
discover^ by DeSoto. 

Early in the spring of 1680, Duluth went with four 
Frenchmen and an Indian interpreter upon a voyage of 
exploration. The party passed up the dangerous Bois 
Brule river until they were very near to the Upper Lake 



1 1 i i. M OR \ OF M I N N tbU 1 A 7 

St. Croix UjoIv cross), which the pious missionaries had 
so named. Carr>'iiig their canoes across the short p<jr- 
tage that intervened, they embarked upon the lake in 
three light ve.s.sels of birch bark, and floated through it 
and down the St. Croix river. Arriving near the site of 
Hastings, on the Mi.ssissippi, where the rivers meet, 
Duluth probably at first supposed himself to be the first 
to discover that part of the great river; but if so, he was 
soon undeceived. Three white men had recently come 
up the river, and had been taken by the Indians on foot 
on a long journey to the north, from which they had re- 
turned, and they were now engaged with the red men 
in a grand buffalo hunt on the prairie below. 

These facts Duluth aiTd his companions learned from 
some strolling Sioux. The unknown visitants were per- 
haps in .sore trouble. They were probably Frenchmen. 
One was a priest. The great forest ranger did nqt hesi- 
tate as to what he would do. He would aid his country- 
men in their distress. 

Down the river went Duluth and his men. Before 
they had gone far, they met the large party of hunters 
returning with their supply of buffalo meat and furs. In 
the company were the three white men, who proved to 
be Frenchmen. Their names were Hennepin, Accault 
(ac-co'>, and DuGay. Hennepin was the priest and his- 
torian of his party, and we think of him as the real 
leader of it, though the command had been given to 
Accault. 

^The two parties of white men told one another the 
story of their experiences, and Duluth learned of the 
great enterprise of I-aSalle. That irrepressible French 
leader had conducted a large party of explorers from 
Lake Huron into I^ke Michigan and up the latter lake to 
the .south v\\i\. Rounding the southern border, he had 
entered the St. Joseph river in what is now southern 



THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 




Cdpy right Hweet, 1W6- By Permission. 
Hennepin Discovering Falls of St. Anthony 

From a paiutiug by Douglas Volk, in 
the Governor's room in the State Capitol. 



Michigan, and passed up the stream to a portage between 
it and the Kankakee. He had descended that stream 
to the Illinois, and floated down the latter to Peoria 
Lake, where he passed the winter. 

Disappointed at not 
receiving aid from the 
St. Lawrence region, 
he had now returned 
thither for reinforce- 
ments, having directed 
Accault, Hennepin, and 
DuGay to make some 
explorations in his ab- 
sence. They had de- 
scended the Illinois to 
the Mississippi, and had 
come up the latter to the mouth of the Minnesota, where 
the Sioux compelled them to go on a painful foot journey 
far to the North. At the site of Anoka they had again 
embarked on the Mississippi, which they descended to 
the Falls. To these the priest had given the name of 
St. Anthony of Padua. 

Unfortunately, the Frenchmen had quarreled among 
themselves, and they had been treated with severity by 
the Indians, who took away their property, and kept them 
under a sort of arrest, being never quite willing to see 
them depart. Duluth's party had been seen by two Indian 
women, who came from the northern region, and they 
had reported to the hunting party that five "spirits" 
were coming down the river from above. This report 
had awakened new hope in the breasts of the three cap- 
tives, who from that time had been eagerly looking for- 
ward to meeting them. 

The arrival of Duluth was most opportune. Never was 
his ability more strikingly shown. He was a cousin of 



THE STORY OF MIXNKSOTA M 

Tonty, the most trusted and competent of LaSalle's com- 
panions. Duliith called the Frenchmen his friends, and 
appt'ak'd to the unbroken friendship he had always man- 
ifested towards the Sioux. The situation changed im- 
mediately. The Hennepin party were treated with respect 
and kinthu'ss. There was feasting and smoking and 
story-tell iuj^. 

After a short time passed amid the beautiful scenery of 
the place at which the parties met, the eight Frenclunen 
descendeil the river together, bidding farewell to their 
Indian friends. They dropped down the stream to the 
mouth of the Wisconsin, and pas.sed up that river to a 
portage which led to the Fo.x river, and then they went 
down the latter, through Green Bay. to Lake Michigan. 
They never returned. 

Hennepin's narrative, which is preserved, is of much 
interest, containing as it does the first chapters of the 
written history of Minne.sota. 

Five years later a new French commandant of the West, 
in the person of Nicolas Perrot (pair'-ro) descended the 
Wisconsin to the Mi.ssi.ssippi and came up the latter to the 
siteof Trempeleau, Wis., below that of Winona, and built 
a fort and trading post. The remain.s, of this old struc- 
ture were exhumed in 1888 by a party of students. It 
was on the Wisconsin side of the river, but its chief pur- 
pose was to promote trade with the Sioux. In 168(5 the 
Commandant erected another post on the ea.stern side of 
Lake Pepin, for a like purp<ise. While there was much 
trading by the Sioux with the.se posts, it does not appear 
that there were any white residents among the Sioux or 
in any part of Minnesota; and thirteen years later, in 
1699, owing to the implacable hostility of the Fox Indians 
of the Wi.sconsin countr>', the trading posts were aban- 
doned by the French. 

Except the names on the map, whicli were bestowed 



10 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

by the French explorers of the long ago, there is little 
in Minnesota today to indicate that the French ever made 
claim to the country as a possession of France. There 
was not, as in Wisconsin and Michigan, any old French 
family life, to be handed down in tradition. There were 
no French families to leave a multitude of descendants 
as a nucleus for the white settlements of the Territory 
and State. The Sioux remained in undisturbed posses- 
sion of the land, uninfluenced in manners and customs by 
intruders, for generations after the time of Hennepin and 
Duluth. 

N\In 1726 about four thousand Fox Indians, the implaca- 
ble foes of the French, came up the Mississippi river, 
having descended the Wisconsin. Their once-powerful 
tribe, as if the sport of fate, seemed ever to rush to 
destruction. Long periods of war against the white 
men, whom the other Indians seemed to love, had taught 
the Foxes no lesson. They came now, after their crush- 
ing defeats, to seek an active alliance with the powerful 
Sioux. But the Sioux, though warlike in disposition, had 
found no cause for war with the French. Their little in- 
tercourse with Europeans had been altogether favorable 
to them ; and they turned a deaf ear to the appeals of the 
defeated red men. 

V The French had secured for a time the vast interior of 
the continent by discovering the Great Lakes and the 
Mississippi and by building a chain of forts and trading 
posts from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. But in 
the end France was unable to hold these great possessions 
which had been acquired through heroism and toil and 
perseverance. 

As a Spanish Possession 

The French and Indian war, as it was called, began in 
1754, and lasted until 1763. The Indians generally 
fought on the side of the French against the British 



TIIK STORY OK MINNESOTA 



II 



colonists, though the Iroquois of New York aided the 
latter. In 1759 the great fortress of Quebec fell into the 
hands of the British. Four years later, at the conclusion 
of the conflict, the French ceded to Great Britain all 
their continental possessions and claims ea.st of the Mis- 
sissippi, and to Spain the retiiofi to the west of the great 
river. The greater part of Minnesota thus nominally 
passed under the sovereignty of the Spanish king. There 
were within the l)ounds of Minnesota, however, no 
Spanish settlements. Spanish explorers and traders had 
not even visited the upper Mississippi. 

Carver's Cave 

Before narrating the first advent of an American in 
the Siou.x country, it may be well to speak more particu- 
larly of a notable natural feature of the region, which 
has been briefly mentioned. This is the large cavern 
which opens into the river bank within the city limits of 
St. Paul, and which is widely known as Carver's Cave. 

So large is this subterranean vault, that it served the 
purposes of a storehouse, a fortress, and a council cham- 
ber for till- Sioux nation. It has been humorously called 




12 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

"Minnesota's first State House." For centuries it had 
been a place of refuge from storms, from excessive cold, 
and perhaps also from pursuing enemies. On its in- 
terior walls were carved memorials of notable events in 
the unwritten history of the red men. Though long 
neglected by the State and city, and little known to the 
inhabitants of either, it possesses today an interest alto- 
gether unique because of its connection with literature 
and with the story of a notable explorer who made it 
known to the world. 

Captain Jonathan Carver was a native of Connecticut 
who, as a young man, fought bravely in the French and 
Indian war in support of the claims of the British king. 
His family had been distinguished in the Colonial his- 
tory of New England. While yet Connecticut was loyal 
to the British crown and the Revolution was not fore- 
seen. Carver mapped out a bold career of exploration. 
He would do as the French explorers had been doing for 
two centuries. He would go boldly into the unknown 
wildernesses of the West, learn the languages of the 
Indian tribes, record his observations, and make charts 
of the regions traversed. He would do more than any 
others had done. He would pierce the wilderness 
through to the Pacific, and stand upon the western shore 
of the continent. 

This he accomplished in the years 1766-8. He came 
to the land of the Sioux, and was well received by them. 
The part of his narrative which most interests us is his 
visit to the vicinity of Carver's Cave. On the occasion 
of this visit there were in progress the dignified and 
solemn obsequies of a dead chieftain. No ordinary man 
was the fallen brave, it was seen. The dead man was 
attired in the picturesque clothing of his tribe, with the 
well-earned eagles' feathers in his hair, and richly beaded 
moccasions upon his feet. He was propped up in a sit- 



THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 13 

ting posture upon a mat. A funeral oration was to be 
pronounced, and to this Carver listened with care, mak- 
ing note of all that was said. The entire speech was 
written in the Captain's notebook for future u.se. What 
is remarkable abc^ut the address is that it was given by 
a red man who had not learned oratory from the whites, — 
who perhaps had never seen a white man befon- 'm«! 
whose manner was wholly native and untaught. 

Carver's "Travels through the interior Parts of Nurljj 
America" was published in London in 1778, in the midst 
of the Revolutionary war, when probably no one in 
England looked for the success of the Revf)lution in 
America. It seems strange to us now that Carver's book 
should have drawn any attention in Germany, or should 
have been read there at all; for Germany had no Amer- 
ican colonies. But the book came to the notice of the 
great German poet Schiller, and he was especially inter- 
ested in the funeral oration of the Indian brave. Schiller 
made it the subject of a short poem, wliich is called "The 
Death Song of theNadowessie." The last syllable of this 
name is the word Siaiix in a stF'ange dress. 

What Schiller wrote, all Germans read; and the funeral 
address became familiar in the homes of the German- 
speaking world. Another great German port, Goethe, 
wrote to his friend Schiller to com|)liment him particu- 
larly on the little poem. Henry Raab, a noted educator, 
once said to the writer as follows: 

"When I was a youth, an overgrown Ix^y in a village 
school in Germany, we used to speak pieces on a certain 
afternoon of each week. This was a sore trial to me, for 
I had never spoken in public, and I did not know what 
to do with my hands, or how to make a single gesture. 
We had a copy of Schiller's poems, and from the bf)ok I 
chose this piece. The language was strong yet simple, 
and the gestures came to me naturally. The teacher 



14 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

complimented me on my success, and I felt very proud 
of it." 

In Great Britain the German poem came into notice, 
and no less a person than William Herschel, the astrono-: 
mer who discovered the planet Neptune, translated the 
poem into English rhyme. Lord Lytton was another 
famous man who did the same thing. Even this was 
not the last poetical rendering of the speech ; for George 
Bowring, a noted translator from the German, wrote a 
third English version of it. It is astonishing to find the 
speech of a savage of the Minnesota wilds in the Revo- 
lutionary age thus echoed and re-echoed in the speech of 
diverse lands and peoples. The funeral oration thus 
calls to our minds the dead chieftain himself, the Indian 
orator, the German poets, Schiller and Goethe, the great 
astronomer, the famous Lord Lytton, George Bowring, 
and Dr. Raab. But all the fame of the composition came 
too late for Captain Carver; he died in London two 
years after his book came from the press. 

Becomes American Territory 

In 1783 the Revolutionary war was ended, the in- 
dependence of the United States was recognized by Great 
Britain, and the former British colonists became an in- 
dependent people. The part of Minnesota lying east of 
the Mississippi was recognized as belonging to the new 
republic. 

In 1800 Spain ceded back to France the region lying 
west of the Mississippi, which was known as the Province 
of Louisiana; and three years later this vast Province, 
extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the British posses- 
sions on the north, was purchased by the United States. 
Thus all of Minnesota was now under the American flag. 

In 1819 the Federal Government began the construc- 
tion of a large and substantial fort in the vicinity of the 



THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 15 

Falls of St. Anthony, whicli Father Louis Hennepin had 
discovered and named nearly a hundred and forty years 
before; and for two years the work of building it was 
actively pressed. Here would be an impregnable strong- 
hold for the protection of American interests in the far 
Northwest, and a refuge for future settlers, in time of 
need, from the perils of the frontier; also an inexhaust- 
ible storehouse of military and other supplies. This 
fortress, because of its site, is one of the most command- 
ing fortifications of the country, and one of the most 
striking in appearance, as viewed from afar. The builder 
of it was Commandant Snelling, who had won fame in 
the army by a gallant charge against the Indians in the 
night battle of Tippecanoe in Indiana, in 1811. He 
called the new stronghold Fort St. Anthony; but in 1824 
its name was changed to his own by an order of the War 
Department and it has since borne the name of Ft. 
Snelling, 

In 1822, the year following its completion, a clearing 
was made about the Falls of St. Anthony and a mill was 
constructed; and thus were begun the now world-famous 
manufacture of Minnesota flour and the production of 
native lumber in that region. Not a year passed until 
the first steamboat arrived, having come up the river 
from St. Louis. Since nearly all the travel in that region 
was by water, — for there were no wagon roads as yet, — 
we need not be surprised at the enterpri.se shown by 
steamboat men in pushing their adventurous routes 
so far. 

In 1827 a colony of Swiss immigrants came to tne 
vicinity of the fort, and began a i>ermanent settlement. 
Such a location for such a colony at such a time invites 
explanation. Lord Selkirk, of Great Britain, who did 
various eccentric thirjgs, had desired to plarit a colony 
on the shores of Lake Winnipeg, and had secured iti 



16 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

some way the consent of a party of hardy Swiss to make 
the experiment of settling in a region so far to the north. 
They were not satisfied there, however, and determined 
after a time to remove to some place more sheltered from 
the northern winds, and more attractive to the view. 
In some way they became advised of the superior ad- 
vantages of a location near Ft. Snelling, and here they 
found what they were seeking. Thus they came under 
the American flag to remain. 

In 1829 the region was visited by a company led by 
Governor Lewis Cass, of Michigan, who was the Demo-- 
cratic candidate for the Presidency nearly two decades 
later. The historian of this expedition was Henry Rowe 
Schoolcraft, a famous explorer and writer, who for seven 
years had been a general agent of the government for 
Indian affairs. He traveled much with the governor 
through the unmapped Northwest, and both were of 
great service to whites and Indians in the management 
of our relations with the red men. In 1832 they paddled 
up the Mississippi to its source in a small lake. 

Tradition says that it was the intention of General Cass 
to call the newly-discovered lake by a Latin name signi- 
fying true head, since it was the long-sought source of 
the great river; but that instead of writing the name 
Verum Caput, he accepted the rendering of a blundering 
secretary, who substituted the noun Veritas for the ad- 
jective verum, and wrote it Veritascaput. Deeming this 
too long a name, the Governor clipped it at both ends, 
and called the interesting little body of water Lake 
Itasca, which name it retains to this day. 

Wabashaw and the Black Hawk War 

Throug)i all the period of Minnesota's early settlement 
by Americans, the Sioux remained friendly to the Gov- 
ernment and to the newcomers. Doubtless the great 



THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 17 

stone fortress near the mouth of the Minnesota liad its 
influence as an object lesson on the power of a great 
nati(jn. But the Sioux were always disp<jsed to be 
friendly to the whites, from the first advent of the 
French in the days of Duluth. 

In 18:^2 the story of 1726 was repeated. This time it 
was the Sacs of Iowa and of Illinois, who had always 
been closely allied with the Sacs and Foxes of Wisconsin, 
that caused the trouble. Kl:uk Hawk led his ill-fated 
followers int(j a war upon the while settlers of Illinois, 
in 1832, having made his preparations on the Iowa side 
of the Missi.ssippi, and having been lurecl by the treach- 
erous promi.se of the Winnebagoes of Wisconsin that 
they would aid him. He seems to have had some hope, 
also, that the Ptjttawatoniies of Illinois and the Sioux of 
Minnesota might be dep»r)<l«i| upon for h»'lp in an 
emergency. 

In scjutheastern Minne.sota, liowever, the great chief 
Wabashaw, whose name is gratefully remembered today, 
was proijf against every appeal to sway him from his 
duty to the government, as one of its trusted representa- 
tives. Black Hawk was defeated and fled to W^isconsin, 
hoping, as a desperate chance, to be able to cross into 
Iowa, at the mouth of the Bad Axe. At this point he 
faced a furious fire from two sides; for a government 
steamer in the river and a force of regular soldiers on 
land made his band a target for unerring aim. Only fifty 
followers of Black Hawk remained alive when the firing 
ceased. About three hundred wretches had been able to 
cross the river in canoes. But they were met by Waba- 
shaw, and half of them were killed by his Sioux follow- 
ers, who had come prepared to take part in the fight. 
It was not until thirty years later that the Sioux were led 
into the follv of Ww. Sacs and Foxes. 



18 



THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 




Some Interesting Incidents 

In 1835 George W. Featherstonhaugh, a somewhat 
eminent English scientist, visited the Inyan Bos'ndata 
(near the site of the town of Castle Rock) which had at- 
tracted the attention of the Governor's party six years 
before, in view of the scientific interest which this 

singular formation pos- 
sesses as illustrating 
certain facts in geology. 
The visitor drew a pic- 
ture of the rock, and 
this was afterwards re- 
produced in London in 
an engraving. Accord- 
ing to the Huttonian 
theory in geology, all 
the region about the 
rock was once as high 
as its highest point. There is much that is of geological 
interest in many parts of Minnesota. 

In the same year there was transferred to Ft. Snelling, 
from the Federal garrison at Rock Island, in Illinois, a 
surgeon. Dr. Emerson, who brought with him a couple 
of house servants who had been his slaves in Missouri 
before his removal to Rock Island, two years before. 
These servants, a man and a woman, had been united in 
marriage with the consent of their master. There was 
nothing about them to attract any attention ; but through 
circumstances their name was destined to become fa- 
mous throughout the entire nation, being connected with 
one of the greatest of national issues — an issue which 
plunged the nation into a four-years war. After remain- 
ing for two years amid the panoramic scenes at Ft. Snell- 
ing, these servants were taken back to Missouri with 
their child, who had been born at the fort ; but no one 



The Inyan Bos'ndata 

The Turret fell Sept. 28. 1895 



Till-: STORY or MINNESOTA l'» 

who happened to notice them thought anything of this, 
and no notice was taken of their departure. 

In the memorable year, 18:i8, the Indian title to the 
Minnesota lands east of the Mississippi was extinguished 
by a treaty effected by Government officers with the In- 
dians, so that now there would be no difficulty in secur- 
ing titles for lands; and though there was much preju- 
dice against the climate of the upper Mississippi region, 
and there were then no free homesteads for settlers, 
immigration began to turn slowly in the direction of the 
newly acquired tract. It was not until thirteen years 
later that the Government secured tin- titlr U> the Indian 
lands west of tlie river. 

In 1841 a devoted priest. Father Galtier, (galt-yay') 
secured the aid of the few pioneers of the region to 
erect a small log chapel on the east side of the Missis- 
sippi, and dedicated it to St. Paul. This modest little 
church- gave its name to the village which grew up about 
it, and which later developed into the great capital city 
of Minnesota. 

Minnesota as a Territory 

^In 1849 the new Territory was organized, and received 
the name Mitmc-iota, which means, in the Sioux language, 
"sky-tinted" water. Reference is made in the Sioux 
name, to the largest river that lies almost wholly in 
this State. 

The principal settlement, which clustered about the 
chapel of St. Paul, and which was generally known by the 
singular name of Pig's Eye, was made the capital ; and 
the seat of government has never been removed from this 
place. 

The new Territory extended westward to the Missouri, 
thus including large portions of the present states of 
North Dakota and South Dakota. 

The population of the Territory at its beginning was 



20 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

only 4,057. So rapidly did it grow, that within a decade 
this was increased to 150,017, according to the Territorial 
census. Be it said to the credit of the Territorial govern- 
ment that within three years from its organization it 
established the University of Minnesota, which from small 
beginnings has grown to be one of the greatest institu- 
tions of its kind in America. 

The Federal government was very generous in its gift 
of lands for the support of public schools in the future 
State. Never before had it donated to a State for this 
purpose more than one section of land in each township. 
To Minnesota it gave two sections of land in each town- 
ship; and the proceeds of these have amounted in our 
time to a vast permanent school fund of eighteen millions 
of dollars. 

The settlement at Stillwater was founded in 1843; and 
that of St. Peter was begun eleven years later. Before 
connecting roads were built, these early towns seemed 
very far apart. 

Among the new settlements which sprang up in this 
period, perhaps none attracted more attention than New 
Ulm, which came into existence in 1854. It was a German 
settlement; but unlike the other German communities in 
their inception, it was not directed or aided by a priest or 
pastor, but was wholly secular. At that time America 
had been receiving f 3r some years a large number of ref- 
ugees from the great European uprising of 1848, when in 
many countries revolutionists fought fiercely against both 
state and church, making demand for the largest freedom 
in action and in thought. New Ulm in Europe is a suburb 
of the old Suabian city of Ulm, on the border of Wirtem. 
berg and Bavaria. The settlers of New Ulm, like their 
ancestors in Europe, cherished the memory of the ancient 
German hero Hermann, who destroyed the great armies of 
the Roman emperor Augustus, and whom the Roman his- 



THIi: STORY OF MINNESOTA 



!l 



torians called "Arminius. " The name has been associ- 
ated for ages with opposition to despotism, and has been 
used as a tocsin of revolution. Conspicuous in New Ulm 
is the statue of this hero. Many well-meaning people 
predicted the wrath of Heaven against the secular town 
of revolutionary sentiments, and saw in the disasters 
which later came to it the punishment of impiety. 

Minnesota in Literature 

In 1855 the literary world (jf America was startled by 
the appearance of a poem of marvelous originality, which 
leaped into instantaneous popularity. The writer was 
Henry W. Longfellow, then a professor in Harvard Col- 
lege (now University). The poem was based largely on 
Schoolcraft's account of travels among the Indians and 
was designed to be the 
"Indian Edda." The 
name of the poem was 
"Hiawatha." While its 
principal scene was the 
south shore of Lake 
Superior, in what are 
now Michigan and Wis- 
consin, it introduced 
the Minnehaha Falls of 
Minnesota, and also the 
Pipestone Quarry. Im- 
mediately there arose 
throughout the countr>' 
a demand for pictures 
Df the charming cascade 
near Ft. Snelling, and 
the name of .Minnehaha, 
theheroineof the poem, 
was on even' lip. 



/ 

i 



22 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

A year later Edward Ef^gleston, an Indiana minister of 
the Methodist denomination, was at St. Paul, and traveled 
a good deal about the territory, taking note of conditions 
as they then were. It was a period of feverish specula- 
tion in the region which Longfellow had innocently adver- 
tised for the promoters and speculators. Fraud and de- 
ception flourished on every hand A picture of the time, 
which he vividly remembered, was given by Dr. Eggles- 
ton seventeen years later, after he had turned novelist, 
in his "Mystery of Metropolisville. " In this story the 
names of places are thinly disguised. One can easily 
recognize Red Wing in "Red Owl;" Faribault in "Perri- 
tant ;' ' the Cannon river in ' 'Big Gun river ;" Crystal Lake 
in "Diamond Lake;" Rice county in "Wheat County, " 
etc. The madness of speculation which the author de- 
scribes ended in the financial crash of the following year, 
when a dreadful "panic " came upon the country. 

Politics and Slavery 

Worse than the panic was the political excitement 
which swept over the land when, almost immediately 
after the inauguration President James Buchanan, the 
Supreme Court of the United States rendered the historic 
Dred Scott Decision. Dred Scott was the Negro ser- 
vant of Dr. Emerson, who had left Fort Snelling with 
his family nineteen years before, and who for nine 
years had been suing for his freedom in State and Fed- 
eral courts, claiming that his residence in the Free State 
of Illinois and the Free Territory of Minnesota had ren- 
dered him a free man. The highest court of the nation 
now solemnly declared that Negroes were property, and 
that slavery could not be legally forbidden in any Terri- 
tory of the United States. This astonishing opinion was 
everywhere denounced in the North ; for wherever slaves 
were alluded to in the constitution they were plainly 



THE STOKV OF MINNESOTA 23 

called "persons," and not "slaves" or "property"— 
tiiouijh of course their labor was property, as all labor is. 
The decision of the court was that Scott had no standing 
in court, since he was not, and could not become a 
citizen. The determined opposition to this opinion, its 
disapproval in the platform of the Republican party in the 
next Presidential canvas and the success of that party 
resulted in the attempted secession of a number of States 
from the Union. 

Statehood 

In 1857 Minnesota prepared for Statehood, and a Con- 
stitutional Convention met in St. Paul. There had grown 
up in Congress a surprising indifference to the rights of 
the people, and plans had been made in some instances 
to prevent the people from voting on their State Con- 
stitutions. Tile Minnesota people claimed and .secured 
the right to pass upon the instrument after it was com- 
pleted. Freedom or slavery did not enter into the matters 
at i.ssue, but there was much controversy as to railways 
and finances. 

The Constitution was adopted, and the State was ad- 
mitted in 185S. Almost at the .same time a questionable 
indebtedness was incurred in aid of new railways; and 
within two years the new State repudiated the debt. 
There is no way in which an individual or a corporation 
can sue a State without its consent; and the advocates of 
repudiation enjoyed a long triumph. The di.sgrace of re- 
pudiation, however, was keenly felt, despite the fact that 
the debt was deemed an injustice; and twenty-one years 
later a compromise was effected, by which the State paid 
half the face of the debt, receiving the full amoimt of the 
bonds for cancellation. Thus the stigma was tardily 
removed. 

Since Territories have their principal officers ap 



24 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

pointed by the Federal Government, and are subject to 
it in many matters which States control for themselves, 
Territories have generally been in sympathy politically 
with the party in power in the nation. Minnesota had 
been claimed as Democratic, but the new Republican 
movement received a strong support in the new State. 
When the war began, Minnesota men came forward 
eagerly to defend the flag. From this distant and unde- 
veloped State the regiments were rushed to the Nation's 
capital with astonishing alacrity and promptness. By 
August, 1862, ten full regiments had been sent forward. 
In all the war, the new State contributed 25,052 men, or 
about one-seventh of its entire population ; and this was 
at a time when every man seemed to be needed at home 
for pressing duties. It has been often stated that in the 
whole story of the war there was nothing more noble or 
wonderful than the charge of the First Minnesota Regi 
ment at the battle of Gettsyburg. 

An Indian Outbreak 

While the brave soldiers of Minnesota, far from home, 
were heroically fighting the battles of their country, a 
bloody tragedy of war in its most terrible form was en- 
acted at home. 

The Sioux, from their first mention in history, had 
been characterized by ferocity and cruelty. Their widely 
separated eyes gave to their faces a ferocious expression. 
By all other tribes to the eastward and southward they 
had been feared in the earliest days ; and tales of their 
relentless hate and tiger-like deeds were common among 
the red men as among the whites through all the West. 
Yet at this time there seemed to be little apprehension 
concerning them. They were receiving pay for their 
lands. They should have known by now the utter futility 
of a contest with the Government of the United States. 



THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 



^:> 



Yet with secrecy and devilish cunniriK they phuined, and 
endeavored to carry on, a war of extermination against 
the whites. 

Little Crow was their leader. It has been frequently 
and confidently alleged that he was influenced to his 
course by emissaries from the Confederate Government 
of the South. Likewise it has been alleged that British 
jealousy of the Republic had encouraged a hostile spirit 
among the savages. But neither of these explanations 
seems necessary. The departure of many thousands of 
the men of the State to the South was witnessed by the 
Indians. To a much duller savage than Little Crow it 
would have been perfectly evident that the Government 
was fighting for its very existence, and that its warfare 
within was more dangerous than any invasion from with- 
out. Now, if ever, it seemed to him, must the red man 
find his opportunity to expel the white invader of his 
lands, and to strike such terror to the hearts of women 
and children throughout the country, by horrid deeds in 
Minnesota, that the attempt of white families to occupy 
this region would never be repeated. 

Simultaneously, or in quick succession, the settlements 
in eighteen counties were attacked. New Ulm was the 
scene of a horrid butchery. The place contains tcxlay a 
memorial in hf)norof the brave men and women who met 
their fate trying to defend their homes and their children. 
Within a few days seven hundred murdere had been 
committed in Minnesota, and three huiulred homeless 
women and children were carried away for ransom or for 
slavery, or were left homeless upon the prairies. Of the 
scanty wealth of the new communities, three million dol- 
lars' worth had been destroyed. From all the country 
around Ft. Snelling refugees gathered in fear, abandon- 
ing their fields and their live stock. But there was little 
danger in the immediate vicinity of that strong fortress. 



26 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

which was to be avoided for the time, at least, by the 
savage bands. Fort Ridgely, however, was fiercely as- 
saulted, and was held only by the most determined 
resistance. 

When the Indians found that they were to confront an 
advancing army, they came to their senses. The final 
conflict occurred at Wood Lake, on the twenty-second of 
September, when the Sioux were compelled to surrender 
to Col. Sibley. 

The Indian war was over. Twenty-five thousand people 
returned to their homes, many of which were in ruins, 
and began the struggle of life anew, with the awful 
shadow of the tragedy upon them. 

The government determined to mete out a stern retri- 
bution for the terrible crimes committed. No less than 
thirty-eight of the ringleaders must be ignominiously ex- 
ecuted. The entire Sioux nation must be removed, root 
and branch, from the region which they had desecrated. 
The wholesale execution took place, some time after, at 
Mankato. It was realized at the time that the scene 
would be historic, and that its influence upon the minds 
of beholders would be deep and lasting. Hence it was 
carefully portrayed in a drawing which was printed in 
colors at the time and which was widely distributed as a 
souvenir. The final removal of the Sioux from the State 
took place in the following year. 

Minnesota recovered rapidly from the terrible losses of 
the war time. Even at the close of the war for the Union, 
in 1865, the State census taken for that year revealed a 
population of a quarter of a million. 

Among the visitors of the following year came Miss 
Abigail Dodge, whose books at that time were almost 
universally read in the East, and followed one another in 
quick succession. She wrote under the pen name of 
"Gail Hamilton." Her "Wool Gathering," which ap- 



Tin: STORY OF MINNESOTA 



peared in 18(37, contained almost enthusiastic descriptions 
of Minnesota scenes, and stimulated the desire of tens of 
thousands to see for themselves what she had seen. 

Here is what she says of Minnehaha: 

"Suddenly, almost without warning, almost like a dis- 
covery of your own, there it is— Minnehaha, the ver>' 
fairy of waterfalls, a dainty, delicate little maid, dancing 
over the rocks with exquisite, 
winsome grace. 'Per/ecf is the 
word that rises to your lips. 
The gem has no flaw. 

"It is surprising how little 
material Nature needs when she 
has a mind for feats. The water- 
fall is the fall of a brook. It is 
but a flickering, wavering gos- 
samer veil, through which you 
can discern the brown rock be- 
hind. It is not water, but foam — 
an airy, tricksy sprite of the 
skies, toying with the clods of '^-x., 

the valley, mocking the cold cliff »'•"' "' Minneh.h. 

that vainly seeks to clasp her in its rough, dripping arms. " 

This is "Gail Hamilton's" farewell: "But we mu.st 
leave thee, Paradise. Goodby, Minnesota, fair land of lake 
and prairie, of pleasant wood and rolling water." 

Lucy Larcom, the beloved "Mill Girl" of Lowell, whose 
exquisite verses charmed the nation, came also to worship 
at the new shrine. It is thus she describes the cascade: 




"A step beyond the roadside's edge; 

A rude bridge swung across a stream ; 
Sliding as softly from the ledge 

As one might whisprr in a dream. 
The mist-like water falling there 
Seemed, h:df-w:iv dduii. dissolved in air." 



28 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

At the little city of Northfield, which had been begun 
in 1856, Carleton College was established by the Congre- 
gationalists in 1870, and at once took high rank among 
the colleges of the country. Five years later, St. Olaf's 
College was established by the Lutherans in the same 
city, to the south of the Inyan Bos'ndata. In the cen- 
tennial year, 1876, this beautiful seat of learning was 
the scene of one of the boldest bank robberies in all the 
records of crime. National interest was awakened by 
this act of the robbers from their association with a bandit 
who for decades defied the authorities and eluded capture 
while pursuing the career of a highwayman in public 
places, and residing, much of the time, in a populous city. 

A ludicrous performance of a seeker for notoriety in 
the '70's, which is almost without a parallel in its results, 
may be mentioned here for the purpose of showing how 
little Minnesota was understood at the time in most por- 
tions of the country. The hero of it had attempted to at- 
tract general attention by riding on horseback from the 
Atlantic to the Mississippi. He then happened to pick 
up an old book in which it was stated that the true 
source of the Mississippi had never been discovered. 
He resolved to be the discoverer. He went to Lake Itasca, 
and found, a little way beyond it, a small, connected lake, 
which had always been called LaBicke, or Elk Lake. He 
could have obtained a plat of it at the county court house, 
if he had applied for one, since the whole region had been 
efficiently surveyed, and section lines had been run all 
about and through the little lake. Moreover, it had been 
described years before by correspondents of eastern 
papers and magazines. The new ' 'discoverer, ' ' however, 
knew nothing of the facts which he might have ascer- 
tained at almost any farm house in the country. He sent 
out telegrams to the river cities all the way to New 
Orleans, announcing that the source of the great river 



THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 2'» 

had been discovered, and the new lake named, and that he 
was about to descend the stream from its source to the 
Gulf of Mexico. Minnesotans read, with astonishment, 
in the press dispatches from day to day, accounts of his 
spectacular progress down the stream; how mayors of 
cities came out in decorated boats, with flags flying, to 
meet the explorer. The trip ended in a blaze of glory 
which, however, was short-lived. 

In 1872 the St. Paul and Chicago railway, as it was then 
called, was completed from St. Paul to Winona. Three 
years later it was extended to LaCrescent, opposite La- 
Crosse, Wis. ; and as the latter city was connected by mil 
with Chicago, a continuous line, with only the break 
of a river crossing, was completed between Chicago and 
St. Paul. 

In humor as well as in pathos, Minnesota was in the 
lime light among the States. In the ca.se of Duluth it 
offered to all the future a historic and proverbial exam|)U' 
of misdirected sarcasm, which is firmly fixed in the folk- 
lore of America. When the Northern Pacific Railway 
was projected it was reganltd by niuDv as an almost in- 
sane undertaking. 

In l.%9 Duluth was .selecteti for its terminus. < In isjio 
it had but seventy-one inhabitants, and this number had 
scarcely increased at all in nearly a decade. A bill before 
Congress, containing a grant of land to favor the future 
city, was seized upon by Proctor Knott, the humorous 
Congressman from Kentucky, as the subject for a speech 
which should live in the annals of the House as a master- 
piece of sarcasm and of wit. The hopes entertained by 
Minnesotans for the future of Duluth supplied the occa- 
sion for loud laughter, in which the nation jointni. 

Amazement and chagrin soon came ty the laughers, 
who found that they would far better have been invest- 
ing their money in property in that "Zenith City of the 



30 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

Unsalted Seas." For Duluth speedily became one of the 
greatest wheat markets of the world. It lies at the head 
of the greatest lake in existence, on which commerce is 
expanding from year to year. Within the fast two dec- 
ades the immense wealth of the Mesabi Range in iron ore 
has been developing at such a rate as to add greatly to 
the importance of the northeastern section of the State. 

The growth of Minnesota within recent decades is one 
of the wonders of American development. The population 
in 1860 was 172,023. In 1900 it was 1,751,394. In 1910 
it was 2,075,708. The increase in production, commerce, 
and acccumulated wealth is no less remarkable. The 
large ingress of Scandinavian settlers has added im- 
mensely to the industry, thrift, and progress of the great 
commonwealth. A unique feature of this growth has been 
the expansion of the "twin cities," Minneapolis and St. 
Paul, which have grown towards each other until now 
their boundaries join. By 1900 there were five lines of 
railway on which twin city trains sped daily to and from 
Chicago, and three trans-continental lines connected this 
great center with the Pacific coast. 

The influence of Minnesota in the councils of the nation 
has steadily grown. 

The eminent statesman, William Windom, proved one 
of the great Secretaries of the Treasury. His career was 
suddenly — almost tragically — terminated by his death at 
a dinner party in the White House, in 1891. He had been 
looked upon as a probable future candidate for the 
Presidency. 

There was a general feeling, amounting almost to con- 
viction, that the renowned Governor John A. Johnson 
would be the standard-bearer of his party for the same 
great office; and his untimely death, a few years since, 
following his repeated triumphs in the State, was lamented 
throughout the Nation. 



THE STORY OF MINNESOTA M 

There are other names of very notable men of Minne- 
sota of which you will read in larger histories. 

While the Nation shoiikl hold the first place in the 
hearts of all its citizens, there is much reason for a strong 
feeling of State pride in Minnesota. Its achievements, 
which are anionic tin- marvels of American history, have 
not been accomplished without high-minded and noble 
effort, admirably directed and strenuously and uncea.s- 
ingly put forth. The modern State posses.ses a civic con- 
science and a civic pride, in which all its citizens should 
share; and Minnesota has been singularly blessed in the 
ability and character of its citizenship. 

SONG OF MINNESOTA 

Bright Northern Star! State that we love — 
Fair Minnesota — all others above! 
Clear lake and stream sky-tinted gleam 
Bright on thy bo.som in morning's first beam, 
Here see the F'ather of Waters arise. 
Cool in the breath of the clear Northern skies! 
Industry's horn in our waterfalls sounding, 
Labor's reward in our harvests abounding, 
Hill, wood, and prairie enshrined by our lu^mes, 
School bells at carol from myriad domes! 
Bright Northern Star, Home of the Free, 
Fair Minnesota, our hearts are with thee, 
All with thee. 

Folk stories old, Um^ ages told, 
Fair Minnesota, thy memories hold; 
Braves of the Sioux, maids that were true, 
Live in thy legends and .songs ever new. 
Here Hiawatha on Love's errand came. 
Here Miimehaha still Vf)ices her name. 
Here the Great Spirit in power descended. 
Here the long strife of the ages was ended. 
Ble.st is the land that the poet inspires! 
Cold is the heart but that loves and admires! 



NOV 24 1913 
32 THE STORY OF MINNESOTA 

Sweet land of song, bright memories throng, 
Fair Minnesota, thy life stream along — 
All along. 

Oak leaf and pine wreathes intertwine ! 
Fair Minnesota, the garland is thine! 
Blend with the leaves, stalks from the sheaves — 
Proud is the chaplet that Industry weaves ! 
Sons of the Northland have ever been free. 
Brave were our sires on the land, on the sea. 
Search the proud record of History's pages ; 
Northmen have stood for their rights in all ages! 
Saxon and Dane in the New World unite, 
Firm in their purpose and strong in their might. 
Bright Northern Star, Home of the Free — 
Fair Minnesota, our hearts are with thee. 
All with thee. 

May be suug to the time of "The Weddiiio: March" from "Loheugriu." 




Falls of St. Anthony in 1861 



INSTRUCTOR LIl LRATURE SERIES Coniinued 



I'l Sl'>rnr» ot llic Stnr« -.'/>/•>'' 
.H <, i:\.-..iiil N . l'\r-> una lUc ThiccOiauta 
hi*tur> aiiil hi"K'«phy 
,-..,•• I 'A~>^iler 

< ■ < Bush 

■ Vikiiig- haket 

:lfr 

- . I'. 11 > :•.. Kru— AVi/cr 

.tirick Uciiry— /.»////•/»/•/</ 
Invculor»-I (Wliiiiicy aud 
-Fans 
■ Iiivculora— 11 (Momeoiul E<U- 

f IS 

Naval HeroM (Jouc«, Perry. 

( —Hl,^H 

iiiil Kii Cnnion— ywrft/ 
.,1 ^i..:\ >j: i'.MKciic Hiclil — v'/ftiJ** 
i-t Story of l.rMiii^toii and Itiiiiker Hill. 
I*; sf-.'V n' !■. Ill o( .\ri: — .*/./•><' 
; \rtl«t», II Rcvnotils— Murillo 

^rliHl!— m Mtllct —ftaiiyl'iH 
: Kuropcau UiiAoty — H'hUe 
Litrracurc 

'^> I'lltccu Stlcclionn from Longfellow— I 
I A VilliiKe Ulack!tniitl>, Children's 
I '.id otlicr i)ociiis) 
Mytlii* and I.c>{cnd<»— iVf/V*" 
I III the ol.l Testament— .Vc/V^ 

ill \\ .n'T ii.ihie* ( A^riilged) - A'i«jfj/<'_y 
171 Tolint of liie Trrctops — ^»/w« 
i-j l.ami, the l.itllc l.n'..e VwcWcr -Grimrs 
<V5 Ni(cht before Cliri»lina>i aii<l Other 

Chrl»tu>ai> i'orniH and Stone*). 
x)i Alice* Hir«.t Adventures lu \Vou<ler- 
Innd Clin oil 
: Alice"* FiiTilipr .\dventiircji in Wonder- 
land— C<j» >••// 

» IKTM YEAR 
Nature Mid Industry 
.' Annual l.ilr in the Sea — ytcFff 
- : y ..I Hilk — /^»«.« " 
y of Miliar- hfitfr 
It \Vr Drink (Ten. CoflTee and Cocoa) 
1. Uird Nook.-i. n Mcl-ff 
■•* and Crociine" — Stiznn 
.! the World— //<-r»»iyi>»i 
f the WorM— y/^-rwrftm 
KKxwr -lUtsh 
ti 1 HloTraphy 

• f the Northwest 
:.ol»-.V</.'»i./^ 

• r«rii.en — Hamon 
111 Hale — McCabe 
^ow — SlcCabt 

■t StrFfi- 



H.iulHofne 



J17 Sloiy of I'lorcncr .N'iKhtinicale — Mcttt 
ai8 Story of I'cter Cooper —,*/r^W 
J33 .Story of Shnkenpeare— (7r(i»M/i 
J.17 Life in Colonial \itky*—TilhHgk<i 
Literature 

8 Km. ■ 

<J Thr 
61 Stoi 

108 lll'luiy la \t:;-.r jMliniaaU » K;4c. l;i 

depeiulriice Hrll.ptcl 

113 I.itiir l>:i:rw.o'.\ udiUy at:d Other Storir* 

- // 
iSo Still . 1 andof All Baba— /.^uii 

153 A Ii. ■.••x% l)f la Rawff 

154 The NiuuIjch; >tove— /V /<i Kamrr 
is6 llcrorn fruiii King Attlinr — Otamft 
ici4 Wliilt:'!- I'iiriii- Selected. 

199 Ja*^ 

joo Tilt Df la Ramrf 

joS lln. -' Icctioim— AVa»_v 

3\1 Storv ol KuIj.u II lud -tluih 
234 Poems Worth Knowing— Book Il-Inter- 
mcdiatc — Fa ton 

SIXTH YEAK 
Nature and Industry 

109 GiftK ol the Forest ( Rubl>cr, Cinchona, 

Kc»in, clc.)— Mi Frf 
Qeoffraphy 

114 Great Kuropeau Citiea — I (London an<l 

Paris)- Ami// 

115 Great Hiirupeau Cities — II (Rome aud 

Deri in Huth 

|63 Great Knropean Cltie«-III (St Peters- 
burg and Coni»taiitinople» '//«>// 

24" The Chinese aud Their Country — /Ijx/- 
son 

385 Story of Panama and the Canal 

History and Biography 

73 Four I'iieat Musician* — Husk 

74 Four More C.reiii .Musician*— /fuj* 

116 Old KiiKlish Heroes ( Allrr<t. Richard the 

Lion lleaited. Tlie Ulack I'riiu-ei 

117 Later Fnglish lleroeii 'Cromwell, Well- 

intfton. Gladiitone) fimM 
160 Heroes of the Revolution- Tmfam 
l'>j Stories of Courage /VtrrA 
1S7 Liven of Wpl>»icr nil' 
iHS Story of Napoleon- 
1S9 Stones of Mrr ..i«.Ti- 

197 Story of I. 

198 Stoty of : r^ighlou 
209 Lewis at! " Hft-itoH 
7J4 Sloiy o: 

JV. SI. I V ol •^ nnglOH 

H-, WlKll I > 

5119 Stoiy ol ' ' ' > 

Ml Stoiy of 1 ith 

ti? Sti.rv "f : -w 



\~Mcfinilf 



\,\x Story ol 
5#S 



Story of 
5l7 Story of W 

Utrrature 

10 The Snow Tmaite - Ifau l\ 

11 Rip Van \"- 

12 Legend < 



^^ 1 •.nft 

alh 
\ .Xfarrk 



INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE library of congress 



22 Rab aiid His Friends — Brown 

24 Tliree Golden Apples — Haivthorne 

25 Ttie Miraculous Pitcher — Hawthorne 

26 The Minotaur — Ha'vthorne 

118 Tale of the White Hills and Other 

Stories — Hawilioi ne. 

119 Bryant's Thauatopsis and Other Poems 

120 Ten Selections from Longfellow — (I anl 

Revere's Ride, The Skeleton in Ai.'nor 
and other poems) 

121 Selections from Holmes 

122 The Pied Piper of Hamelin — Bro'ining 

161 The Great Carbuncle, Mr. ]Lig,t;in- 

botham's Catastrophe, Suowiiakes— 
Ha~vtliorne 

162 The Pvgniies — Ha7vthorne 

211 The Golden Fleece — Hawtltor\e 

222 Kingsley's Greek Heroes- i'art I. The 

Story of Perseus 

223 Kingsley's Greek Heroes— Part II. The 

Story of Tlieseus 
225 Tennyson's Poems — For various grades 
229 Responsive Bible Readings — Zeller 
284 Story of Little Nell — Smitk 

SEVENTH YEAR 
Literature 

13 Courtship of Miles Standish 

14 Evangeline — Longfellow 

15 Snow Bound — Vl'hillier 

20 The Great Stone 'P&c&'-ITawthorne 

123 Selections from Wordsworth 

124 Selections from Shelley and Keats 

125 Selections from Merchant of Venice 
147 Story of King Arthur as told by Tenny- 
son— //u//oc^ 

149 Man Without a Country, The— Hale 

192 Story of Jean Valjean — Grames 

193 Selections from the .Sketch Book. 
196 Tlie Gray ChSLinpion-— Haztiiliorne 

213 Poems of Thoinas Moore — Selected 

214 More Selectious from the Sketch Book 
216 Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare- Sel'd. 
231 The Oregon Trail(Condensed from Park- 
man) — Grajnes 



EXCELSIOR Literature S 



016 094 911 9< 



235 Poems ■^ 
— Fax 

238 Lamb's 

239 Lamb's 

241 Scoiy oi 

242 Story of 

Literature »-«vjiiiii i i^/^iv 

17 Enoch Arden — Tennyson 

18 Vision of Sir Launfal — LoweV 

19 Cotter's Saturday "i^x^Xxt— Burns 
23 The Deserted Village and Traveler— 

Goldsmith 

126 Rime of the Ancient Mariner 

127 Gray's Elegy and Other Poems 

128 Speeches of Lincoln 

129 Selections from Julius Csesar 

130 Selections from Henry the Eighth 

131 Selections from Macbeth 

142 Scott's Lady of the Lake — Canto I 
134 Scott's Lady of the Lake — Canto II 

143 Building of the Ship and Other Poems — 
Lonzfellow 

148 Horatius, Ivry, The Armada — Macaulay 

150 Bunker Hill Address — Selections from 
the Adams and Jefferson Oration — 
Webster 

151 Gold Bug, The— P(ji? 
153 Prisoner of Chillou and Other Poems— 

Byron 

155 Rhoecus and Other Poems — Lowell 

156 Edgar Allan Poe — Biography and Se- 
lected Poems — Link 

158 Wasliington's Farewell Address and 

Other Papers 
169 Al ni Joseph Ryan — Biography and 

Selected Poems — Smiili 
i-jo PaulH. Hayne — Biography and Selected 

Poems — Link 
215 Life of vSamuel Johnson — Macaulay 
221 Sir Roger de Coverley Papers— Add is07i 

236 Poems Worth Knowing — IV — Advanced 
— Faxon 

237 Lay of the Last Minstrel — Scott. Intro- 
duction and Canto I 

Twelve or more copies sent prepaid at 60 cents per dozen or $5.00 per hundred. 
Price 5 Cents Each. Postage, 1 Cent per copy extra. Order by Number. 

ZZm ANNOTATED CLASSICS AND 

eries supplehentary readers 




1 Evangeline. Biography, introduction, 

oral and written exercises and notes. lOc 

3 Courtship of Miles Standish. With In- 

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5 Vision ol Sir Launfal. Biography, intro- 
duction, notes, outlines 10c 

7 Enoch Arden. Tennyson. Biography, in- 
troduction, notes, outliues.qu est ions.. 10c 
9 Great Stone Face. Hawtiiorne. Biog- 
r.'iphv, introduction, notes, outlines. .10c 
II Browning's Poems. .Selected poems with 

notes ami outlines tor study 10c 

13 Wordsworth's Poems. Selected poem 
with introduction, notes and outlines. 10c 
isSohrab and Rustum. Arnold. With in- 
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17 The Children's Poet. Study of Longfel- 
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19 A Christmas Carol. Charles Dickens. 
Complete with notes 10c 



21 Cricket on the Hearth. Chas. Dickens. 
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23 Familiar Legends. McFee. Old tales 
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25 Some Water Birds. McI ee. Description, 
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27 Hiawatha. Introducti'.i^ and notes.. 15c 

29 Milton'r riinor Poems, Biography, iu- 
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31 Idylls of the King:. (Coming of Arthur, 
Gareth andLj'netle,Lancelot and Elaine. 
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33 Silas Marner. Eliot. Biography, notes, 
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34 Same in cloth binding 30c 



